Advances in Biomaterial Mechanical Properties to Regulate Macrophage Polarization

生物材料植入后引发的炎症反应已成为组织再生领域面临的关键科学问题。巨噬细胞作为早期到达植入物–组织界面的核心免疫调控因子，其功能输出对材料的预后至关重要。值得注意的是，巨噬细胞具有高度的力学响应特性，能够精确响应微环境中力学信号并呈现出不同的表型和功能。本文系统综述了材料硬度、表面拓扑结构和粘弹性等可调控力学参数对巨噬细胞极化的调控作用及力学–生物学信号转导机制。为基于力学调控的免疫治疗策略及新一代医用植入器械开发提供了理论依据。The inflammatory response induced by biomaterial implantation has emerged as a critical scientific challenge in the field of tissue regeneration. As the primary immune regulatory factors that first arrive at the implant-tissue interface, macrophages critically determine clinical outcomes through their dynamic functional polarization. Significantly, macrophages exhibit remarkable mechanoresponsive properties that allow them to decode microenvironmental mechanical signals, leading to distinct phenotypic adaptations and functional reprogramming. This article systematically reviews the regulatory effects of tunable mechanical parameters—including material stiffness, surface topography, and viscoelasticity—on macrophage polarization, along with their underlying mechano-biological signal transduction mechanisms. These findings provide a theoretical framework for developing mechanics-based immunotherapeutic strategies and designing next-generation medical implantable devices.