EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR URINARY GLUCOSE DETECTION: A MINI-REVIEW OF FUNCTIONALIZED ELECTRODE MATERIALS

The detection of glucose through electrochemical methods in urine has significantly advanced, becoming a prominent and widely accepted approach in healthcare, especially for monitoring diabetes. This approach provides numerous benefits, including non-invasiveness, rapidity and simplicity compared to traditional methods. Therefore, urine glucose monitoring is set to provide a reassuring and comfortable alternative for improving the quality of life of diabetic patients. This review explores the comparative performance of enzymatic and non-enzymatic modified electrodes for glucose detection in urine. Both types of sensors have been enriched with various materials to enhance their electrochemical properties. Enzymatic sensors rely on the specific activity of glucose oxidase, while non-enzymatic sensors use materials such as metal nanoparticles (including gold, cobalt, silver, nickel, etc.), graphene and alloys to detect glucose directly through electrocatalytic mechanisms. The performance of these sensors was assessed based on several factors, including linear range, limit of detection (LoD), response time and stability.