Feeding Habits of European Ground Squirrels in Anthropogenic Habitats in Central Macedonia, Greece

The European ground squirrel (<i>Spermophilus citellus</i>) is an endangered mammal that inhabits open habitats with low vegetation in central and southeastern Europe. Its southernmost range includes northern Greece, where populations are declining due to habitat degradation and fragmentation. Limited behavioural research on Greek populations underscores the need for studies to support conservation efforts. The present study examined the species' diet and seasonal changes in food consumption in an anthropogenic area of Central Macedonia, Greece. Between 2022 and 2023, feeding behaviour was documented recording plant parts, taxa, and feeding durations, while plant availability was assessed through surface sampling. The results revealed that <i>Cynodon</i>, <i>Carex</i>-<i>Cyperus</i>, <i>Salvia</i>, <i>Solanum</i>, and <i>Plantago</i> were the dominant plant genera in the species' diet, while rhizomes and leaves were the most frequently consumed plant parts. Seasonal dietary shifts were observed, with ground squirrels selecting specific plants and plant parts based on availability. Under resource-limited conditions, they adapted by consuming nutritious rhizomes or the less-common, but toxic, <i>S. elaeagnifolium</i>. These findings highlight the species' dietary adaptability to Mediterranean and human-modified environments, providing valuable ecological insights and informing habitat conservation and improvement strategies.