Advancing S-LEACH Protocol for Real-Time Underwater Observation in Freshwater Ecosystems (Rivers/Lakes)

This research paper aims to develop the Enhanced Sun-Based Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (ESBLEACH) protocol to extend the network lifetime of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) by reducing energy consumption. Solar energy (photovoltaic) is harnessed as an external power source for sensor nodes, enhancing the sustainability and longevity of UWSNs. The primary objective of the proposed approach is to optimize route selection to the terminal and the selection of cluster heads (CHs). The methodology integrates two key processes: a multi-hop routing mechanism based on the Coati Optimization Algorithm (COA) and an improved LEACH protocol. The COA approach is used to select CHs and organize clusters based on various factors such as absorption loss, spreading loss, propagation sound, ambient noise, signal-to-noise ratio, transmission loss, and propagation delay. The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB, where its performance is evaluated using metrics such as network lifespan and total energy consumption. Its effectiveness is then compared against established protocols, including the conventional LEACH protocol and the LEACH protocol enhanced with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).