Liability for pollution of water, soil, air and damage to ecosystems — selected aspects

Abstract Synopsis The 2022 amendment to the Criminal Code responds to growing environmental threats and aims to make the fight against environmental crime more effective. The article examines elements of the object side of crimes under Article 182 § 1 and Article 183 § 1 of the Penal Code through the prism of the defendant's behaviour, and argues that the formal concept (threat) should be the correct point of reference in analysing the offender's behaviour. The article shows that the amendments to the environmental legislation are an important step towards strengthening environmental protection in Poland, introducing stricter regulations and enforcement mechanisms. The amendment's effectiveness will depend on the consistent application of the new regulations and effective cooperation between the various bodies responsible for environmental protection. The article argues for the topic's importance to legal science, as it addresses fundamental issues of responsibility and justice. It is no less important for legal practice, however, as it forces the adaptation of law enforcement and environmental compliance monitoring procedures, which in the long run can improve the quality of life and stability of ecosystems.