Realistic Modeling of Photovoltaic Solar Cell: A Simple and Accurate Two‐Diode Model

ABSTRACT Photovoltaic modules are determinant in producing sustainable energy with a reduced environmental impact. This article explores the progressive modeling of photovoltaic modules, from the straightforward but approximate one‐diode model to the more accurate but more complex two‐diode model. It focuses on the parameters to be considered and the judicious choice of hypotheses to obtain electrical behavior close to that obtained experimentally for different environmental conditions. A reverse coupled saturation current and the Newton−Raphson method are both used for theoretical calculation and the simulation, respectively. Simulations show that the root mean square error (RMSE) on the I–V curves is reduced by 11.2% for irradiance of 1000 W/m² and by 28.3% on the P–V curves at 60°C. Additionally, the parallel resistance estimated with the two‐diode model is lower than with the single‐diode model (310 to 110.8 Ω), indicating a better consideration of leakage currents. Although the computation time is increased by around 40%, the improvement in accuracy justifies this added complexity. In conclusion, the study confirms the relevance of the two‐diode model for a more realistic representation of photovoltaic module performance under various environmental conditions.