Unraveling the pain points of domain modeling

Conceptual models offer numerous benefits but require significant investments, requiring modelers to strive to balance costs and benefits. Understanding the modeling process and the frustrations experienced by modelers can provide valuable insights for this assessment. While research acknowledges certain instances of modelers’ dissatisfaction, its scope often limits detailed examination. This study seeks to identify and analyze the main pain points associated with domain modeling through a five-phase empirical study using a multi-method approach. We identified 71 pain points, synthesized them to 41 , and prioritized 16 as the most significant and prevalent in domain modeling. We then refined, documented, and exemplified the prioritized pain points, analyzed their potential causes, and discussed their practical implications. Our findings provide valuable insights for improving modelers’ experiences and optimizing the modeling process. • 41 pain points in structural conceptual modeling were mapped. • 16 pain points were identified as the most significant and prevalent. • Pain points may stem from a lack of experience among modelers and stakeholders. • Pain points may arise from issues with modeling methods, tools, and languages. • Pain points may arise from factors related to the organization, domain, and project.