Study of the Art of Sculptural Patterns in Romantic Architectural Decoration in Nineteenth-Century Europe

This paper focuses on the art of sculpture in Romantic architectural decoration in 19th century Europe, aiming to systematically sort out its artistic characteristics and historical background, and reveal its role and value in architectural art. The study adopts literature research, image analysis and comparative research method, and finds that Romantic architecture emerged as a result of social changes such as the Industrial Revolution and nationalism, and broke the classical symmetry in style, and made a lot of use of decorative techniques such as carving. Influenced by Romanticism, the carving pattern emphasizes emotional expression and natural symbiosis, and the theme covers nature, myth, history, etc. It has the functions of decorative beautification, cultural inheritance and emotional rendering, and forms an artistic association with architectural space in defining, creating atmosphere and guiding vision. Different countries present different characteristics due to cultural differences, with France having Gothic and medieval mystical poetry, Britain embodying idyllic and national characteristics, and Germany integrating national traditional elements. Their artistic achievements are outstanding and have a profound influence on the architectural art of later generations, which is a precious heritage of European culture and art history. The study fills in the research data of related fields and provides historical reference for contemporary architectural design.