Experimental Methods for Model Parameters in the Discrete Element Method

The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is a widely used numerical method for studying, analyzing, and optimizing particulate processes. Based on contact models, DEM can predict the interactions of particles and particles with wall surfaces. Various contact models have been developed that consider various deformation and adhesion behaviors, particle shapes, and surface morphologies. However, accurate prediction of the real behavior requires experimental estimation and calibration of the model parameters for the studied particles. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in particle-property measurement methods, with a particular focus on the parameters of contact models. The measurement methods are classified into different categories, including static and dynamic loading and single particle and particle bed tests, with and without consideration of the surrounding liquid. A range of measurement techniques for estimating elastic and plastic properties, as well as friction and restitution coefficients in both air and liquid environments, are described, including nano- and tribo-indentation, compression, and impact tests. The applicability of these techniques was demonstrated using our own elastic–plastic model. The impacts of various influencing factors on material parameters and contact interactions are discussed. This overview can help identify suitable experimental techniques for calibrating and validating DEM models.