Salivary biomarkers in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (pilot study)

Introduction. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with severe complications of organs and systems, including complications of the course of dental diseases. Material and methods. Results of 55 patients with type 1 DM became the material of laboratory-diagnostic studies. Patients with type 1 diabetes were divided into 2 groups depending on blood glucose levels: Group 1 (n=28) – patients with glucose levels ≥7 mmol/l; Group 2 (n=27) – patients with glucose levels ≤7 mmol/l; Control group – 28 patients. Periodontal tissues were evaluated by indices: PMA, SBI. OHI-S index reflected the state of oral hygiene. Mucosal immunity of oral fluid was studied using ELISA analysis of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β, MCP-1, TNF-α, VEGF-А. Results. The content in unstimulated oral fluid of IL-1β in patients with type 1 DM was 84.1 (95–74.6) pg/mL in the group with glucose ≤ 7 mmol/L, 80.1 (115.4–64.9) pg/mL in the group with glucose ≥7 mmol/L, 23.1 (28.2–18.6) pg/mL in the comparison group, VEGF-A was 1340 (1545–967.5) pg/mL, 1170 (1517.5–954.8) pg/mL in group 2, and 1655 (1860–1370.5) pg/mL in group 3. TNF-α was higher in group 1 – 9.8 (11.4–7.5) pg/mL than in group 2 – 8.3 (10.3–6.6) pg/mL and in group 3 – 1 (1.1–0.9) pg/mL (p < 0.05). Conclusion. ROC curve analysis showed that these biomarkers have better sensitivity and specificity. The increase of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β content in mixed saliva up to 285.5 (339.8–214.5) pg/ml, 9.8 (11.4–7.5), 84.1 (95–74.6) pg/ml, respectively, was characterized by high medians of OHI-s, PMA and SBI indices, associated with high activity of inflammatory-destructive changes in periodontal tissues and impaired metabolic control of glucose level.