Disentangling social perspectives on the use of reclaimed water in agriculture using Q methodology

Reclaimed water is a promising alternative for irrigation in many water-stressed regions, but its expansion hinges on social acceptance. Previous studies have focused on the perceptions of consumers and farmers, overlooking the broader diversity of perspectives within the sector. This study seeks to address this gap by exploring the range of social perspectives on the use of reclaimed water for irrigation in Spain. Using Q methodology, we identified existing perspectives as well as synergies and frictions among them. We interviewed 23 stakeholders from environmental NGOs, food retailers, consumer and farmer organisations, public administrations, water treatment companies and associations, and water reuse experts. The results reveal three distinct perspectives: 1) reclaimed water must be promoted to secure agricultural production; 2) it has great potential, but needs technological improvement; and 3) it poses environmental risks, warranting cautious expansion. All perspectives agree that reclaimed water is a valuable resource for irrigation, but consumers lack sufficient information about its quality and benefits. Disagreements exist regarding its potential ecological impacts and who should bear the costs of reuse projects. Results suggest that avoiding negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts requires case by case consideration of reclamation technology and site-specific conditions. Additionally, awareness campaigns and stronger administrative support are crucial for promoting agricultural reclamation initiatives. This study underscores the importance of fostering stakeholder dialogue to promote sustainable and equitable reclaimed water use, ultimately supporting fair and effective water policies in Spain and other regions facing similar challenges.