Exploring Influencing Factors for Differences in Integral and Complete Urban Surface Temperatures
Complete urban surface temperature (<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T<sub>c</sub></i>) takes into account total active surface areas and is used to estimate surface temperature over a three-dimensional rough surface such as cities. Direct calculations of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T<sub>c</sub></i> require temperatures of each surface of the urban canopy, which are hard to obtain in actual remote sensing observations. Moreover, solid-angle integral temperature (<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</i><sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SI</sub>) calculated using multi-angle remote sensing observations has great potential for approaching <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T<sub>c</sub></i>. However, due to varying mechanisms, some differences remain between them. This study uses TUF-3D and SUM models to compute integral temperatures for multiple view angles over various urban forms and investigates the differences between <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T<sub>c</sub></i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</i><sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SI</sub> and the influencing factors. The difference is minimized at VZA=48–70° and VAA=0–360°, and the mean absolute error (MAE) is 0.67 K. Urban canopy geometry (UCG)and solar zenith angles (SZA) are the important influencing factors. The MAE between <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</i><sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SI</sub> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T<sub>c</sub></i> decreases as the wall fraction in the integral domain increases but increases when the wall fraction exceeds a threshold. The upper limit of the optimal integral domain (OID) is basically 70° and the lower limit hovers around 48°, moving away from and then approaching the zenith as the solar zenith angle increases. This study evaluates the influencing factors for differences in <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</i><sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SI</sub> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T<sub>c</sub></i>. It offers a simple and high-accuracy method for approaching <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T<sub>c</sub></i> which can be used to facilitate research in urban energy balance and urban climate.
Authors
- Zhenjun Zhu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5843-9305)
- Jiashuo Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-4770)
- Dandan Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6327-8339)
- Yunhao Chen
- Xiujuan J. Dai
Institutions
- Beijing Normal University (CN)
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing) (CN)
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters
- Published
- 2025-01-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2025.3559323
- Primary Topic
- Urban Heat Island Mitigation
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China