Differences in the Portrayal of Female and Male Scientists in College Chemistry Textbooks

This study examines the portrayal of one female and one male scientist, Marie Curie and Linus Pauling, in 10 US General Chemistry textbooks published between 2016 and 2020. The language in the textbooks was analyzed using methods previously developed for the study of letters of recommendation. Textbook descriptions of Marie Curie are shorter and contain a higher frequency of sex-linked words, subordinate language, grindstone terms, doubt raisers, and communal attributes. Descriptions of Linus Pauling are longer and characterized by a higher frequency of references that highlight his independence. The frequency of standout words (words that indicate exceptional attributes) is the same for Curie and Pauling, but more superlatives and repetition of standout words are used with Linus Pauling. The accuracy of the statements made in the textbooks was also examined, which is a unique avenue of investigation that is often not possible in studies of performance evaluations. The textbook inaccuracies for Linus Pauling consistently give him more credit than he is due, while those for Marie Curie are mixed and often undermine her accomplishments. The language and characterization of Marie Curie and Linus Pauling convey different expectations for female and male scientists, which may impact entry, retention, and promotion in the discipline.