A review: Biogenic synthesis of Ca, Mg, Si nano fertilizers and their foliar studies on legume crops production

Biogenic synthesis of essential nutrients elements based nano fertilizers has been synthesized via green route methods to produce nano-sized fertilizers for require crops. In this methods leverages natural sources, such as plant parts, bacteria, and fungi are used and protect to environment from chemical fertilizers and constructs environmental friendly efficient fertilizers. The nano scale of these fertilizers allows for better nutrient uptake, potentially leading to improved agricultural yields and reduced environmental impact. By utilizing biogenic methods, the production process minimizes the use of harmful chemicals, aligning with sustainable bio based practices. This review investigates the current advancements in biogenic production macronutrient based NPs and their foliar application on crops. They explores the utilization of biological sources, particularly plant extracts, in the creation of macronutrient based nanoparticles. This review also explores the current advancements in the foliar application of nanofertilizers within the agricultural sector and particular focus on calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and silicon (Si). The review emphasizes how these biogenically synthesized nanofertilizer contribute to improved plant growth and soil health and focusing on their ability to enhance nutrient efficiency and reduce environmental impact. • Plant-based synthesis replaces hazardous chemical methods. • Plant extracts rich in phytochemicals stabilize and reduce nanoparticles for green synthesis. • Ca, Mg, and Si NPs boost biomass, yield & stress tolerance. • SiO 2 NPs improve microbial diversity & plant resilience.