Evidence of star cluster migration and merger in dwarf galaxies
Nuclear star clusters (NSCs) are the densest stellar systems in the Universe. These clusters can be found at the centre of all galaxy types but tend to favour galaxies of intermediate stellar mass around 10<sup>9</sup>M<sub>⊙</sub> (refs. <sup>1,2</sup>). At present, two main processes are under debate to explain their formation: in situ star formation from gas infall<sup>3</sup> and migration and merging of globular clusters (GCs) caused by dynamical friction<sup>4</sup>. Studies<sup>5-9</sup> of NSC stellar populations suggest that the former predominates in massive galaxies, whereas the latter prevails in dwarf galaxies, and both contribute equally at intermediate mass. However, until now, no ongoing merger of GCs has been observed to confirm this scenario. Here we report the serendipitous discovery of five dwarf galaxies with complex nuclear regions, characterized by multiple nuclei and tidal tails, using high-resolution images from the Hubble Space Telescope. These structures have been reproduced in complementary N-body simulations, supporting the interpretation that they result from migrating and merging of star clusters. The small detection rate and short simulated timescales (below 100 Myr) of this process may explain why this has not been observed previously. This study highlights the need for large surveys with high resolution to fully map the migration scenario steps.
Authors
- Sungsoon Lim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5049-4390)
- Oliver Müller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4552-9808)
- Pierre–Alain Duc (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3343-6284)
- Mélina Poulain (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7664-4510)
- Sanjaya Paudel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2922-6866)
- Rory Smith (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5303-6830)
- Rebecca Habas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4033-3841)
- Jérémy Fensch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-0202)
- Patrick R. Durrell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9427-3373)
- Rubén Sánchez-Janssen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4945-0056)
- F. Marleau (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1442-2947)
Institutions
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (FR)
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon (FR)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Youngstown State University (US)
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- Yonsei University (KR)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (FR)
- Royal Observatory (GB)
- Collurania Teramo Observatory (IT)
- UK Astronomy Technology Centre (GB)
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- Université de Strasbourg (FR)
- Federico Santa María Technical University (CL)
- University of Oulu (FI)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature
- Published
- 2025-04-09
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08783-9
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 1.15
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Space Telescope Science Institute
- National Research Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo