A Bi-Level Optimization Scheme for Energy Storage Configuration in High PV-Penetrated Distribution Networks Based on Improved Voltage Sensitivity Strategy

This study proposes a bi-level optimization strategy to determine the optimal location and capacity for energy storage systems. Before applying the proposed bi-level optimization scheme, the PV output data are clustered by the K-means algorithm, and an active power–voltage sensitivity strategy is presented to identify nodes with high sensitivity in the clustered PV output data. Based on the data of the clustered nodes, a bi-level optimization model is established to determine the optimal location, rated power, and capacity of energy storage using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Finally, compared with traditional voltage sensitivity methods, some case studies with the proposed scheme are executed in the IEEE-33 bus system, which reveals better performance in reducing voltage deviation, network losses, and economic costs.