The Adverbial Clause "Haal" and Exception "Istithnaa" in Quranic Syntax

The research addresses the concepts of the adverbial clause (ḥāl) and exception (istithnā’) in Quranic syntax, highlighting their differences from traditional grammatical rules. It demonstrates that "haal" in the Quran may appear as definite, and at times cannot be omitted without altering the meaning, which contradicts its classification as a mere surplus by traditional grammarians. The study also discusses the various forms of "istithnaa", pointing out that some types in the Quran do not align with contemporary grammatical rules, particularly in the treatment of the exception and its tools such as "ghayr" (other than) and "sawa" (except), which have not always been used in the sense of exception. The research emphasizes the importance of using the Quranic text as a primary reference for establishing grammar, independent of other linguistic influences.