Advancement in Thermoelectric Generators: A Sustainable Approach to Power Generation and Waste Heat Recovery

Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs) directly convert thermal energy into electrical energy, rendering them a promising sustainable energy source. Using thermoelectric materials, TEGs convert energy efficiently and environmentally, making them appropriate for many applications. TEG uses waste heat to generate power without moving components or intermediate processes, lowering maintenance and operational expenses. The figure of merit, which measures thermoelectric conversion efficiency, has improved dramatically in recent years due to thermoelectric material system advances. These advances allow TEGs to provide microwatts for small devices and several watts for industrial applications. For widespread use and expansion, wearable Internet of Things devices need tiny, inexpensive, and continuous power sources. Large-scale industrial systems can improve sustainability by efficiently recovering waste heat and transforming it into electricity. This study examines materials and designs for small electronics, high-level industrial applications, waste heat recovery systems, and renewable energy solutions. TEGs will help achieve energy efficiency and sustainability across sectors by blending modern thermoelectric materials with novel engineering.