Low-Altitude Sensing Model: Analysis Leveraging ISAC in Real-World Environments

With the explosive growth of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications in numerous fields, low-altitude networks face formidable challenges in monitoring. In this context, integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) networks through three-dimensional (3D) wide-area sensing have emerged as the key solution. However, the differences in networking mechanisms between communication and sensing, along with the transition from two-dimensional (2D) to 3D networking, complicate the realization of seamless 3D sensing. We aimed to address these challenges by analyzing the sensing capabilities of a single base station and the disparities between communication and sensing. Based on this, an innovative 3D sensing model for ISAC single base stations was proposed, defining the sensing boundaries and providing a foundation for designing the key parameters of ISAC base stations. Additionally, a multi-base station (multi-BS) low-altitude networked 3D sensing cellular-like architecture was proposed, overcoming the limitations of traditional 2D networks and achieving seamless 3D sensing. To validate the effectiveness of the model, comprehensive tests were conducted in both controlled laboratory conditions and real-world commercial network environments. The results show that the model successfully achieved stable and continuous sensing with the expected coverage and accuracy in networked environments.