The effect of surfactants and film-forming polymers on pulmonary surfactant function measured in vitro is dose rate dependent

Surfactants and film-forming polymers are common ingredients in consumer spray products such as cleaning products, hair care products, and anti-perspirants. Spraying eases application by creating aerosolized droplets of the product that can distribute evenly over the treated surface. However, these aerosols can potentially be inhaled during their normal application. Droplets that reach the alveoli can interact with the pulmonary surfactant, a complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins that regulates the surface tension at the air-liquid interface. This interaction can elevate the minimum surface tension at maximum compression and change the surface rheology of the pulmonary sur­factant at the interface. We tested four surfactants and seven polymers for their ability to inhibit pulmonary surfactant function in vitro and investigated if the inhibition is dose rate-dependent, i.e., the product of the concentration (mg/mL) and aerosolization rate (mL/min). We found a clear dose rate-dependent inhibition of pulmonary surfactant function independent of chemical class (surfactant or polymer) and that different chemicals inhibited function at different dose rates. We compared the points of departure of inhibitory chemicals to that of a polymer with known dose rate-dependent lung toxicity. When assessing the risk of chemicals that might be inhaled, it is essential to ensure normal use would not inhibit pulmonary surfactant function leading to immediate effects on the lungs.