Do bulls experience pain or stress during electroejaculation? Evidence from electroencephalography, behavioral, hormonal, and metabolite profiling
The combined EEG, hormonal, and metabolomic findings confirm that EE is a stressful and painful procedure for bulls. The study provides robust evidence of neurophysiological and biochemical responses indicative of pain. These findings highlight the need for alternative semen collection methods to minimize animal distress and improve welfare standards.
Authors
- Norazlan Mohmad Misnan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0942-9543)
- Wasim S. M. Qadi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6097-471X)
- Ubedullah Kaka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-3542)
- Pavan Kumar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0567-0359)
- K.R. Bhutto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5679-6018)
- Kuan Hua Khor (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1500-9705)
- Ahmed Mediani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6892-1995)
- Yong Meng Goh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1237-2170)
- Muhammad Waseem Aslam
- Ahmed Abubakar Abubakar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6015-1236)
- Muhammad Abdul Basit
- Nurhusien Yimer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-8971)
Institutions
- Bahauddin Zakariya University (PK)
- Universiti Putra Malaysia (MY)
- Universitas Airlangga (ID)
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (IN)
- National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (MY)
- National University of Malaysia (MY)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Veterinary World
- Published
- 2025-04-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2025.763-772
- Primary Topic
- Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Universiti Putra Malaysia