Role of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in evaluating feed additives and their effect on fish feed structure

The intention of this review article is to emphasize the importance of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method in order to evaluate feed additives and their effects on the structure of fish feed. In particular, articles that deal with the application of SEM in research on the addition of enzymes, as well as the effect of the addition of amino acids, vitamins, and other additives, to the feed pellet structure of fish feed will be critically reviewed (Acharya, 2023). The application of the SEM/EDS technique in other similar studies is presented for comparison. An additional but no less important goal of this research paper is to clarify the influence of the aforementioned applications mainly on the physical, but also other properties of the feed pellets; summary the most important results that can help in understanding the necessity of proper pelleting procedure for selecting raw materials and implementation of additives. Use of SEM in the analysis of changes in the structure of fish feed in aquaculture, induced by nutrition, after the introduction of ingredients acting on a basis of enzymes and additives that opens up the possibility of a new understanding of technological processes in feed production for carnivorous fish is also considered.