Morphological and functional variability of the geometric microlithic backed tools from the late Holocene at Pomongwe Cave (Matobo, western Zimbabwe)

Microlithic backed tools are a key feature of the Later Stone Age late Holocene period in southern Africa. These tools were widely distributed and produced in various geometric shapes and sizes. Despite extensive study and classification, questions remain regarding whether their morphological variability was driven by functional, technological, or stylistic factors. This study investigates the variability of microlithic backed tools from Pomongwe Cave in Matobo, western Zimbabwe, during the Amadzimba phase (ca. 5800 to 2300 BP). We classified the microlithic backed tools into three main morpho-functional categories, which we interpret as reflecting different hafting designs and tool functions. We propose that microlithic backed tools were part of a composite system and likely served as projectile weapons. The creation of specialised tools for specific tasks demonstrates a high level of innovation and provides insight into hunter-gatherer hunting strategies during the late Holocene in Matobo.