Inequality, Poverty, and Public Policies in India: A Theoretical Analysis

India’s post-1991 liberalization era has witnessed impressive economic growth; however, this progress has been accompanied by enduring poverty and widening inequality, presenting a critical challenge for public policy. This research paper examines the nexus of inequality, poverty, and public policy in India, tracing their historical roots, current manifestations, and the effectiveness of policy interventions. Historically, colonial exploitation and caste hierarchies entrenched disparities, while post-independence socialist policies and subsequent market reforms reduced absolute poverty but amplified income and wealth gaps. Current data reveal over 200 million Indians remain multi-dimensionally poor and the top 1 percent holding 42 percent of national wealth. The study employs a qualitative methodology, integrating statistical data, policy reviews, and case studies to assess key public policies. Findings reveal that Poverty in India has declined due to employment guarantees schemes, food security, and cash transfers. However, inequality persists due to policy gaps, structural biases favoring market-driven growth, and emerging threats like climate change and technological disruption. As India aims for global economic prominence by 2047, the paper recommends inclusive growth through land reform and taxation, technology-driven delivery, and intersectional equity targeting caste, gender, and regions.