Security and surveillance application in 3D modeling of a smart city: Kirkuk city as a case study

Abstract Smart cities use information and communications technology to offer a wide range of applications targeted for improving the quality of life and perfecting urban services. However, the integration of security and surveillance technologies into the fabric of smart city infrastructure is a largely unexplored area. This research investigated the incorporation of security and surveillance applications into three-dimensional (3D) modeling in the context of smart city development in Kirkuk city/Iraq. The research assessed the effectiveness and potential benefits of incorporating security and surveillance systems into the 3D modeling framework of urban areas through the existing literature as well as the analysis of approaches and technology. The study emphasized on the importance of geomatics in smart cities, specifically the function of 3D geographic information system technology. The research highlighted the importance of addressing security and crime prevention concerns in the current discussion about smart city development. The study computed visibility percentages for observer locations between iterations, revealing an improvement from the first to the second iteration, with visibility percentages of 91.91 and 92.91%, respectively. Furthermore, the findings revealed a few outcomes: (1) creating a 3D land-use environment, (2) figuring out a proper spatial distribution of observer points, and (3) building a geodatabase for observer points comprising information about the field of view, vertical angle, horizontal angle, observable distance, and 3D coordinates. Hence, the study shows the relationship between security, surveillance, and 3D modeling in smart city development and provides useful insights for politicians, urban planners, and researchers alike.