The Effect of Mangosteen Peel (Garcinia mangostana L) Extract on the Expression of BMP2, ALP, and FGF2 in the Periodontal Remodeling Process During Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Background: Orthodontic treatment is relatively long and various efforts have been made to speed up orthodontic tooth movement. In orthodontic tooth movement, a periodontal tissue remodeling process occurs which involves osteoblastic and osteoclastic cells which are very sensitive to oxidative damage due to excessive ROS production. Natural antioxidants are a group of compounds that can neutralize or prevent free radicals. Mangosteen peel is a waste that contains nutritious chemical compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, xanthones, mangostin and garcinone. Flavonoids play an important role in eliminating oxidative stress by preventing ROS, protecting lipophilic antioxidants, and increasing enzymatic antioxidants. This research aimed to analyze the expression of BMP2, ALP, and FGF2, in the periodontal tissue remodeling process during orthodontic tooth movement after administration of mangosteen peel extract. Materials and Methods: This laboratory experimental study was conducted using 36 male Wistar rats. 36 wistar rats divided into 6 groups: control groups (C1, C2 and C3) : rats were given orthodontic mechanical force (OMF) for 1 weeks, 2 weeks and 3 weeks and treatment groups (T1, T2 and T3): rats were given OMF and mangosteen peel extract for 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks. OMF in rats was carried out by means of the right maxillary first molars and on both maxillary incisors were given ligature wires. Then a 10-gr/cm force was applied to the maxillary left first molar tooth of all the rats, using a nickel‒titanium closed-coil spring 6 mm long.ligated between the maxillary incisors and the left first molar tooth. Observations were made on the day 8, day 15 and day 22 with immunohistochemical examinations to count the expression of BMP2, ALP and FGF2. Results: The expression of BMP 2, ALP and FGF 2 on day 8, day 15 and day 22 in the treatment group was greater than the control group (˂ 0.05). The highest amount of BMP2, ALP and FGF2 expression was in the 15th day group, while the lowest was in the 8th day group. An increase the expression of BMP2, ALP, and FGF2 occurred on day 15 and a decrease on day 22 (˂ 0.05). Conclusion: Mangosteen peel extract was able to increase the expression of BMP2, ALP and FGF2 in osteoblasts, so it can be developed as an alternative material to accelerate the process of remodeling tooth periodontal tissue and speed up orthodontic treatment