An integrated scientific analysis of a Graeco-Roman Cartonnage mask from Saqqara, Egypt

Abstract The Saqqara archaeological area is rich in ancient Egyptian artefacts that have been discovered periodically. In the context of preserving these excavated relics, a cartonnage mask, which could be dated to the Graeco-Roman period, was studied to provide information about the material composition of its pictorial layers (substrate, gesso layer and polychrome layer), to explore its manufacturing techniques, and to evaluate the impact of the surrounding environmental conditions on it. Multi-analytical methods were utilised: OM, SEM-EDS, RS, and ATR-FTIR. The results revealed that the mask’s colour palette included realgar, Egyptian blue, red ochre, lead white, carbon black, orpiment, and pararealgar. The binding medium used with the gesso layer and most polychrome layers was animal glue. Some changes in the molecular structure of the linen were observed, indicating the natural ageing process and chemical reactions with the surrounding environment. These outcomes provide useful information for appropriate restoration and conservation processes.