Financial Planning and Budgeting in International Infrastructure Projects

This article analyzes contemporary approaches to financial planning and budgeting in international infrastructure projects. The relevance of this topic is driven by the need to enhance resource efficiency, minimize risks, and ensure the long-term sustainability of large-scale initiatives, particularly amid the growing interest in green financial instruments and public-private partnerships. The study's scientific novelty lies in synthesizing perspectives from various authors who propose integrating classical risk distribution models, ESG criteria, and digital analytical tools, including large language models. The research outlines key factors determining project effectiveness and examines fundamental planning and budgeting approaches as reflected in academic literature. Special attention is given to attracting external investors, the distribution of roles between the public and private sectors, and the consideration of local community interests. The study aims to summarize existing practices and identify promising directions for future development. To achieve this goal, comparative analysis, source evaluation, and data systematization methods were employed. The conclusions highlight the effectiveness of the examined approaches. This article will be valuable to professionals in finance, project management, and sustainable development research.