The Application of Immunotherapy in Thyroid Cancer Research

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy globally, with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) accounting for 90% of cases. However, advanced and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) still lack effective treatment options. In recent years, immunotherapy has demonstrated potential in refractory thyroid cancer by activating anti-tumor immune responses. This article reviews the clinical progress of strategies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), adoptive cell therapy (ACT), and tumor vaccines, and discusses their biomarkers and mechanisms of drug resistance.