Disruptive effect of rainfalls on the diurnal periodicity of airborne wheat rust spore under field conditions

• Spores of Puccinia triticina and P. striiformis f. sp. tritici were trapped over a wheat canopy for two months. • Bi-hourly airborne spore concentrations were correlated with detailed meteorological conditions. • Seasonal and diurnal spore dynamics were influenced by changes in rain, wind, and humidity. • Rain events altered spore dispersal through rain-puff, wash-out, and wash-off mechanisms. • ‘Precursor’ rains triggered spore release, while ‘follower’ rains significantly reduced spore concentrations. Stripe rust and leaf rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici ( Pst ) and Puccinia triticina ( Pt ), respectively, are major threats to wheat production. Forecasting epidemics requires a deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving spore dispersal. Many studies have either employed field data for purely correlative approaches without incorporating established knowledge on physical mechanisms or, conversely, relied on specific physical approaches in controlled environments focusing on only a few mechanisms or factors. Little emphasis has been placed on holistic field-based studies, where wind and rain play crucial roles. This study fills that gap by attempting to unravel the processes by which rainfall affects airborne spore concentrations over a wheat canopy during active rust epidemics. Over more than two months, bi-hourly spore counts from Burkard traps were integrated with detailed meteorological data, revealing both seasonal and diurnal trends. Diurnal peaks in airborne spore concentrations, typically driven by cyclic changes in wind and humidity, were dramatically altered by rain. Rain events either amplified spore concentrations by up to 25-fold through 'rain-puff' and/or depletes them via ‘wash-out’ and ‘wash-off’. Rains events from the dataset were classified into categories with distinct impacts: ‘precursor’ rains often trigger spore release, while ‘follower’ (and prolonged rains) reduce airborne spore concentrations. Moreover, differences in the dispersal dynamics of Pst and Pt were observed, and some were linked to how humidity and wind influence spore clustering. These results provide valuable insights for a more integrated understanding of the effect of rain and in order to enhance forecasting models.