Comprehensive study on thermal cycling effect on dolomite fracture behavior under three loading modes (I, I/II, II): Experimental and analytical methods

• Thermal cycling’s impact on tensile fractures in dolomite under various loading modes. • Thermal fluctuations were modeled with 50, 100, and 500 cycles at temperatures between 20 and 60 °C. • Experimental and analytical predictions of fracture parameters based on three fracture criteria . • Prediction of the Fracture Process Zone diameter versus thermal cycles. • The fracture parameters improved with 310 to 368 thermal cycles, then noticeably deteriorated. Daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations significantly influence the behavior of rock masses and their fractures. This study comprehensively examines the impact of thermal cycles on tensile fractures in dolomite, analyzing three loading modes ( I , I/II , and II ) and evaluating the effectiveness of three fracture criteria: stress-based, energy-based, and strain-based. The research involved subjecting samples to heating and cooling cycles between 20 and 60 °C over 50, 100, and 500 cycles, measuring various fracture parameters, including failure envelopes, crack extension angles, fracture stress, and the diameter of the Fracture Process Zone ( FPZ ). The results indicate that the mechanical properties of dolomite initially improved with thermal cycling, peaking between 310 and 368 cycles. The tensile strength increased by 45.5 % after 344 cycles before declining by 7.7 % at 500 cycles. The stress-based maximum tangential stress criterion outperformed energy- and strain-based criteria in predicting fracture parameters, particularly under mixed-mode loading I/II . Generalized fracture criteria provided more accurate predictions of fracture parameters when estimating the FPZ diameter through the fracture toughness ratio ( K IIC /K IC ). Consequently, the FPZ diameter was estimated to decrease from 0.885 mm at zero thermal cycles to 0.804 mm, 0.828 mm, and 0.630 mm after 50, 100, and 500 cycles, respectively. The findings from this study enhance our understanding of how thermal fluctuations and loading conditions affect dolomite fracture behavior, which is crucial for the stability of rock structures in various applications, including geothermal sites, oil and gas reservoirs, tunnels, and landslide-prone areas.