Optimization of Mangiferin extraction from Mangifera Indica leaves Peruvian Criollo variation using ultrasound assisted surface response methodology

Mangiferin, a polyphenolic compound abundant in mango leaves (Mangifera indica), possesses significant bioactive properties, including antioxidant, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and immunomodulatory functions. Despite its potential, conventional extraction methods such as maceration and Soxhlet extraction are time-intensive and require large solvent volumes. This study optimized the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of mangiferin from Peruvian native mango leaves. Response surface methodology (RSM) and a Box-Behnken design (BBD) were employed to enhance the process. The evaluated variables included extraction temperature, time, and solvent composition, aiming to maximize yield while ensuring the integrity of the bioactive compound. The identification of mangiferin was confirmed through chromatographic analysis, where the optimized extract exhibited a retention time closely matching the mangiferin standard (10.930 min), reinforcing the method's accuracy. Additionally, FTIR analysis demonstrated that the extracted mangiferin preserved key functional groups such as hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl ( C = O ), and aromatic C = C bonds. However, spectral differences in amine and amide peaks suggested minor structural variations due to the extraction process. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the optimized extract was determined to be 4.463 mg GAE/L, aligning with previous studies on phenolic-rich mango leaf extracts. The high correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity emphasizes the potential of UAE in preserving bioactive compounds. Spectral correlation analysis using QCheck in OMNIC Picta software revealed a functional group region correlation of 0.53 between optimized and standard mangiferin, but a significantly lower correlation (0.1460) in the fingerprint region, indicating the need for further purification to enhance mangiferin purity. These findings confirm that UAE is an efficient technique for extracting mangiferin while minimizing solvent use and processing time. Future studies should explore the pharmacological applications of the optimized extract and refine purification techniques to enhance its bioavailability and functional properties.