Microstructure engineering of silica-derived membranes and their applications in molecular separation

Abstract Silica-derived membranes have gained considerable attention as highly promising molecular separation materials owing to their unique molecular sieve-like porous structure, tunable chemical properties, and outstanding chemical stability. Their potential has already been demonstrated in industrial applications, particularly in solvent dehydration processes, highlighting their commercial viability. This review provides a detailed overview of recent advancements in silica-derived membrane technology for molecular separation. First, we discuss the sol–gel process employed in the fabrication of amorphous silica membranes, with a focus on the resulting structural characteristics and the factors influencing membrane performance. Then, we outline various microstructural engineering strategies designed to enhance hydrothermal stability and separation efficiency under challenging conditions. Additionally, we highlight cutting-edge silica-derived membranes that exhibit outstanding separation performance in gas separation, pervaporation, and reverse osmosis. Finally, we provide insights into the development of silica-derived membranes, emphasizing ongoing challenges and opportunities for further innovation in this field. These advancements are expected to drive the continued evolution of silica membranes for broader applications.