Exploring Jugaad in architecture: Theory and strategies for implementation in resource-constrained environments

Resource-constrained environments pose significant challenges to architectural design, necessitating innovative, cost-effective, and adaptive solutions. Jugaad , a concept rooted in frugality and improvisation, has been widely observed in various sectors but remains underexplored in architecture. This study aims to explore (1) the defining characteristics of Jugaad in architecture, (2) strategies involved while employing Jugaad into design, and (3) validation of the findings. The research follows a systematic methodology, employing the PRISMA® method to select 119 relevant sources. Subsequently, thematic analysis was conducted to identify nine key aspects that define the core characteristics of Jugaad . Additionally, the study examines instances of Jugaad in architecture from secondary sources to identify three primary strategies: element substitution, material substitution, and multiplexing of elements. The findings were further validated using the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM), ensuring expert consensus from sixteen architecture professionals. The results reveal that Jugaad in architecture is characterized by nine key aspects, which were identified through thematic analysis and real-world case studies. The study proposes a conceptual framework that leverages Jugaad principles to develop cost-effective and context-specific architectural solutions. This research provides a foundation for future studies and practical applications in underprivileged regions, where resource scarcity necessitates adaptive design interventions.