Entropy generation and magnetohydrodynamic influences on hybrid nanofluid convection in a staggered cavity

Staggered cavity designs are widely used in engineering to enhance heat transfer and airflow, thereby improving the efficiency of systems such as radiators, heat exchangers, and electronic cooling. They also support renewable energy applications like solar collectors and insulated buildings by enhancing thermal resistance and reducing energy losses. In this computational study, we investigate entropy generation and double-diffusive natural convection in a staggered cavity containing a pair of embedded circular cylinders filled with a Casson hybrid nanofluid. The nanofluid comprises an ethylene glycol-water mixture with dispersed copper and alumina nanoparticles. The governing mathematical model is solved using the finite element method. Our analysis examines the influence of key parameters including the Casson parameter, magnetic field intensity, buoyancy effects, mass diffusivity, and nanoparticle volume fraction on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The results reveal that enhanced buoyancy and a higher Casson parameter improve heat and mass transfer while increasing entropy generation, whereas stronger magnetic fields tend to suppress these effects. Additionally, higher nanoparticle concentrations lead to improved thermal performance. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing thermal management systems in various industrial applications.