Can fracture non-union be predicted using deep learning?

Fracture non-union remains a significant clinical challenge despite considerable advances in diagnostic imaging and treatment modalities. Unpredictable healing, repeated interventions, and prolonged disability contribute to high patient morbidity and increased healthcare costs. Early and reliable prediction of non-union is therefore essential for timely intervention. This review discusses traditional radiographic assessment using the Radiologic Union Scale for the Tibia (RUST), its inherent limitations, and the emerging role of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning in fracture analysis. In addition, we review recent studies—including Bayesian classifiers and simulation models—that integrate AI for early prediction of non-union, and we provide an updated summary table of key studies.