Hydrodynamics of Ternary Hybrid Nanofluids with Heat and Mass Transmission Fluxes with Joule Heating and Nonlinear Radiation through a Disk

In recent years, the fascinating realm of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows has ignited a wave of enthusiasm, given its significance in both engineering wonders and natural occurrences. Grasping the intricacies of fluid dynamics under the sway of magnetic fields is vital for enhancing a myriad of industrial processes. This investigation tackles the enigma of how magnetic fields influence flow velocities and the thickness of boundary layers within MHD flow contexts. The aim of this exploration was to dissect the influence of flow parameters on the momentum, thermal, and concentration boundary layers through a series of numerical simulations and theoretical inquiries. This manuscript delves into the importance of Fourier heat and mass transmission flux on the hydrodynamics of ternary hybrid nanofluids, factoring in chemical reactions, joule heating, and nonlinear radiation across a disk. The flow model embraced a first-order chemical reaction while also weaving in the effects of a magnetic field. A thorough examination was performed on the flow model, which involved dynamics through a permeable disk positioned at both the base and apex of the rotating disk. A collection of equations, termed partial differential equations (PDEs), was employed to mathematically articulate the flow of a three-dimensional laminar system. An adept similarity transformation was utilized to morph the PDEs into a singular total differential equation. The ensuing ordinary differential equations (ODEs) were deftly tackled using the Runge-Kutta technique in conjunction with the shooting method. Illustrative graphics highlight the tangible significance of various flow parameters. It was discerned that the application of a magnetic field resulted in a reduction of both the velocity profile and the extent of the momentum boundary layer. Insights unveiled that the flow of heat significantly influenced the depth of the thermal boundary layer, whereas the flow of mass substantially diminished the depth of the concentration boundary layer. Key findings reveal that an increase in the magnetic parameter reduces the velocity profile, while stronger thermal radiation enhances the fluid temperature and thickens the thermal boundary layer. Higher Prandtl numbers decrease both velocity and temperature profiles, whereas increased chemical reaction rates diminish velocity and concentration. Additionally, a higher Eckert number elevates the fluid temperature. These insights provide a deeper understanding of the thermal and dynamic behavior of ternary hybrid nanofluids in complex flow systems.