Sensing as a Service Reinvented: A Unified and Sustainable Sensing Framework for Smart X Development

This paper introduces a Unified and Sustainable Sensing as a Service (USSenaaS) framework that integrates Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and Sensing as a Service (SenaaS) to enhance the efficiency, scalability, and sustainability of Smart-X applications. Motivated by the increasing demand for scalable, interoperable, and resource-efficient sensing solutions to support sustainable and data-driven decision-making across various domains, the proposed model addresses critical challenges in dependability impacts scalability, interoperability, data security, and resource optimization by seamlessly combining sensor networks, connectivity, data management, and energy-efficient systems. To demonstrate its practical applicability, the framework is implemented in an agricultural monitoring system deployed in a sugarcane plantation in Subang City, Indonesia. This implementation highlights the system’s capability to enable real-time environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, and optimized crop management, thereby improving productivity and sustainability in agricultural practices. A comprehensive performance evaluation validates the system's dependability, with key metrics demonstrating high levels of availability (0.9866), reliability (0.9989), integrity (0.9947), safety (0.9091), and maintainability (0.9310). These results underscore the system's robustness, efficiency, and adaptability to real-world conditions. By aligning with global sustainability goals, this research contributes to the development of intelligent, resilient, and environmentally responsible Smart-X ecosystems. The framework's scalability and versatility also pave the way for broader applications in smart cities, energy management, and industrial automation, offering a transformative approach to addressing the growing demands for sustainable and data-driven solutions in diverse domains.