ON THE STUDY OF CAST-IRON FIREBACKS OF THE «COLD GOLDEN AGE» OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC

The purpose of this study is to explore the historical, cultural, and economic role of cast-iron firebacks («firebacks») in the context of the development of the Dutch Republic during the Little Ice Age of the 17th century. Methodology. The study employs an interdisciplinary approach that combines historical analysis, iconographic research on firebacks, and climate reconstructions to examine the impact of climatic conditions on the development of production, art, and daily life in the Netherlands. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the study analyzes the design specifics and symbolism of «Dutch» cast-iron firebacks in the context of the cultural identity of the Dutch Republic. It describes their role as markers of social and political changes, particularly in the context of the struggle for independence and economic prosperity amid climate challenges. Conclusions. Cast-iron firebacks, or firebacks, became an important element of the material culture of the Dutch Republic during the Little Ice Age, which was characterized by cold winters. The Republic, known for its economic strength and ability to adapt to adverse climatic conditions, successfully applied advanced metallurgy technologies, particularly in the production of cast-iron firebacks for heating homes. Firebacks were not only practical household items but also significant cultural and political symbols. Their typology and design reflected key features of Dutch culture, particularly the importance of the sea, which played a crucial role in the development of the Dutch economy and navy, as well as the struggle for independence and the resilience of the Netherlands against external threats. The firebacks often feature maritime-themed symbols that emphasize the significance of fishing and trade routes for the economic stability of the Republic. For example, arched borders with marine motifs such as shells or dolphins strengthen this image. Political themes, such as the scene of «Our Lady of Holland» on the «Pro Patria» fireback, symbolize not only national pride but also the active involvement of women in the fight for rights and freedom, which had significant importance for the Republic in its struggle for independence from Spain. Thus, cast-iron firebacks are important not only as elements of daily life but also as cultural and political symbols that reflect the internal resilience and national identity of the Dutch Republic. They are an integral part of the «Cold Golden Age», a period when the Dutch were able to build one of the strongest economies in Europe by adapting their strategies to the harsh climatic conditions of the Little Ice Age.