FRAM Considering System Resonance for Studying the Differences Between Human Driving and Autonomous Driving in Highway Overtaking Scenarios

With the rapid development of intelligent transportation systems and autonomous driving technologies in China, the safety of highway overtaking scenarios has garnered significant attention. The flexibility and experiential advantages of human drivers in complex dynamic scenarios, along with the precision and stability offered by autonomous driving systems, result in markedly different safety performances under varying conditions. To comprehensively analyze the safety performance of human and autonomous driving in highway overtaking scenarios, this study employs the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) and proposes an improved model that integrates the importance and variability of functional nodes. By quantifying system functional coupling and global system variability, the model reveals the advantages and disadvantages of human and autonomous driving across various core functions, such as speed control, lane selection, environmental perception, and decision-making, and their collective impact on overall system safety.