Review of current techniques analysing interactions between cell-penetrating peptides and lipid membranes

In contemporary pharmaceutical research, peptide-based therapeutics have emerged as a pivotal domain, given their demonstrated efficacy in the management of a diverse array of diseases. The development of oral formulations for peptide drugs is of paramount importance due to the suboptimal patient compliance associated with injectable therapies. Nonetheless, the traversal of peptide therapeutics across the small intestinal epithelial barrier represents a formidable challenge. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), characterized as short sequences capable of conjugating with drug cargos, serve as a promising strategy to surmount this obstacle. This review delineates the methodologies for investigating CPP-lipid interactions and underscores their relevance in diverse applications. These approaches offer critical insights into the behavior, structural dynamics, and cellular uptake of peptides, which are instrumental in enhancing the efficacy of oral peptide delivery. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive survey of the current techniques employed in the study of peptide-lipid interactions, emphasizing their significance in fostering the advancement of oral therapeutic development.