Non-invasive brain stimulation lighting the human life quality’s bulb

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has experienced rapid development due to its non-invasive nature, convenience, and high patient compliance. Among the various NIBS techniques, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) are widely studied. The primary classifications within these techniques are repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), respectively. TES is currently in a relatively early stage of clinical development compared to TMS. Although some effectiveness data have been observed in clinical practice, further data are needed to validate these findings. This review provides an overview of NIBS modalities, focusing specifically on rTMS and tDCS, their principles, possible mechanisms, and areas of application. Additionally, the safety considerations associated with these techniques are discussed. Finally, the future prospects for their applications are explored.