BIOMARKERS IN THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN CHILDREN (LITERATURE REVIEW)

The diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most pressing issues in modern pediatrics. The classical method of diagnosing AKI is to determine the level of glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine and diuresis. In the last 10-15 years, an active search and research of new biomarkers (BM) of acute kidney injury has been conducted. Aim of the study. To increase the awareness of pediatricians about the possibilities of using biomarkers in the early diagnosis and timely treatment of AKI in children based on the analysis of current literature. Materials and methods. A search of modern literature sources on medical portals such as UpToDate, PubMed, etc. on the use of BM in the early diagnosis of AKI in pediatric patients was performed. The data obtained were reviewed and analyzed. The results. The article presents a review of the current literature on the possibilities of using biomarkers of AKI in children in the early diagnosis of this pathology. Among the biomarkers of AKI are the following creatinine, urea, lipocalin associated with neutrophil gelatinase (NGAL); cystatin C, fractional solute excretion (FeS), ammonium (NH4)/ammonia (NH3), interleukin-18 (IL-18), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2); insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP 7); hepatic fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP); soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), Dickkopf 3 (DKK3), monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 (MCP-1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), chemokine ligand 14 (CCL14), chitinase-3-like protein-1 (CHI3L1), uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall protein), and α1-microglobulin (α1-M). Most of these AKI BMs are not widely used in daily clinical practice and require further investigation, making it prudent to increase the number of studies in this area. Conclusions. The presented materials will help to raise awareness among pediatricians and pediatric nephrologists about the possibilities of using modern biomarkers of AKI in children and expand the prospects for early diagnosis of this pathology, which will ensure the ability to detect the development of this syndrome in time and start effective treatment.