Which Way to Choose? A Generic Modular Life Cycle Assessment for Hydrogen Production and Import Pathways to Germany

Hydrogen is set to become a cornerstone of global low-carbon energy systems globally. This study uses Germany as a case study to examine various hydrogen production and import pathways, with a focus on their Global Warming Potential (GWP). Employing a modular life cycle assessment, we identify and evaluate the primary environmental drivers across these pathways, which include production, conversion, transportation, and reconversion stages. Our findings highlight the significance of the electricity source for hydrogen production and conversion, as well as the efficiency of subsequent processes, including carbon capture rates for blue hydrogen, as critical factors influencing GWP. The necessity for hydrogen imports in countries with high demand and limited domestic production underscores the importance of optimizing hydrogen supply chains for reduced CO 2 emissions. This analysis offers valuable insights for advancing sustainable energy transitions in other high-demand regions as well.