The two-edged sword of playing a role in daily life: Social camouflaging among adults on the autism spectrum. A thematic analysis

Social camouflaging, exhibited by masking or mimicking others, is an autistic individual’s strategy to blend into an environment, often deriving from motivations to “pass” as non-autistic. Many autistic individuals declare camouflaging as source of positive social outcomes and negative internal reactions (e.g., exhaustion, identity confusion). The current study focused on camouflaging’s consequences on one’s biopsychosocial well-being as the research in this area is scarce. The research was conducted based on a qualitative interview, consisting of four thematic areas (imitation, playing a role, sensory overload, internal resources). Participants were enrolled online through groups and neurodivergent communities in Poland, and stationary mental health facilities. 152 adult autistic individuals participated in the study (including 112 women). The data was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis method, allowing the participants to describe their lived experiences . Thematic analysis revealed four recurring themes regarding camouflaging experiences: 1) “camouflage as social blessing”, 2) “camouflage as a reason for self-care”, 3) “camouflage as a barrier”, 4) “camouflage as pushing boundaries”. The findings suggest a dualistic approach to camouflaging, considered as a two-edged sword: it was reported as helpful in developing a positive image among peers and navigating in a non-autistic world, but also was costly and exhausting, often resulting in diminished self-understanding and internalized stigma. These results may be beneficial in clinical practice as studying functions of camouflaging – not the behavior per se – would allow for its better understanding and help in choosing most adaptive strategies while conducting psychoeducation in this area, including self-care strategies. • Dualistic approach to camouflage was revealed in autistic adults’ lived experiences. • Camouflage helped in gaining social acceptance and adapting to new situations. • Camouflage enhanced exhaustion and doubts about one’s identity and self-esteem. • Self-care methods included tangible support, sensory comfort, engaging in hobbies. • Clinical practice should focus on both camouflage’s antecedents and consequences.