Blockchain-Enhanced Security for LEO Satellite Firmware Updates in Beyond-5G NTN Networks

The integration of terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) represents a significant advancement in communication technology in the framework of the ongoing beyond-5G standardization process. This integration offers broader coverage, especially in remote and underserved areas, and improved reliability through diversified network paths. Additionally, it paves the way for new services and applications that benefit from ubiquitous connectivity. To achieve enhanced Quality of Service (QoS) and Service Level Agreements (SLAs), the end-to-end network should be open and visible to service providers and users. However, such a clear-mode approach introduces various security threats, making the network susceptible to unauthorized access and service disruption. To address these challenges, a blockchain-based satellite firmware update strategy across terrestrial 5G core and access networks is proposed. This study explores the tradeoff between throughput and QoS in the 5G NTN network when blockchain is implemented. Our experimental setup involved a network of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites integrated with a 5G core, deploying a blockchain-based authentication mechanisms to secure satellite communications. The results show a tangible improvement in authentication efficiency, despite a throughput degradation of around 10 % and a latency increase of 17 % from the baseline values obtained without blockchain security. This tradeoff highlights the cost of enhanced security counter-measures in terms of network performance. Nonetheless, the security benefits, measured through successful authentication attempts, fully justify blockchain integration in scenarios where security is paramount. The proposed approach promises to secure communications in “5G and beyond” NTN hybrid environments by ensuring integrity and confidentiality to the traffic flows.