Genetic Profiling and Prevalence of Kelch 13 Propeller Gene Mutations in Plasmodium Falciparum Isolates from Nasarawa North Senatorial District, Nigeria

Malaria continues to pose a significant public health challenge in Nasarawa North Senatorial District, Nigeria, with increasing concerns about drug resistance. This study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum by analyzing Kelch 13 propeller gene mutations, a key marker for artemisinin resistance. A cross-sectional study was conducted across selected healthcare facilities, where 384 venous blood samples were collected and analyzed using microscopy, rapid diagnostic test kits (RDTs), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 107 P. falciparum-positive cases were identified, and 27 samples were successfully sequenced. The results revealed a P. falciparum prevalence of 27.9%, with a mutation prevalence of 11.11%, with three-point mutations (D57V, A158C, and A157G) detected from P. falciparum isolates. General Hospital Akwanga recorded the highest mutation frequency (7.40%), while no Kelch 13 mutations were detected at General Hospital Nasarawa Eggon and Wamba. Statistical analysis (χ² = 8.02, p = 0.046) showed a significant variation in mutation distribution across healthcare facilities, pointing to area-specific factors influencing mutation prevalence. These findings emphasize the importance of continuous genetic surveillance to monitor resistance trends and guide malaria control strategies. Further research should explore the functional implications of Kelch 13 mutations to assess their potential impact on artemisinin efficacy.