Biocatalysis in packed-bed reactors: immobilization as an enabling technology

Biocatalysis and flow chemistry are two complementary technologies that can be used to produce chemicals in a more efficient, sustainable, and safe manner. Enzyme immobilization is key to enabling their combination. Various immobilization methods, including carrier-free and carrier-based techniques, offer distinct advantages in terms of enzyme activity, stability, and productivity. This review explores these immobilization strategies and their integration in packed-bed reactors, highlighting their industrial applications and potential challenges.