Comprehensive review of fault ride-through techniques for grid-forming inverters: current approaches, challenges, and future directions

Abstract Grid-forming inverters (GFIs) play a critical role in ensuring the stability and reliability of modern power systems, particularly as the integration of renewable energy sources like wind and solar continues to rise. One of the key capabilities of GFIs is Fault Ride-Through (FRT), which ensures they continue operating during grid disturbances such as voltage dips, frequency variations, and asymmetrical faults. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the various FRT techniques employed in GFIs, categorized into five main approaches: current limiting methods, virtual impedance strategies, hybrid techniques, controller/algorithm-based methods, and other techniques. The other techniques, which are emerging, present innovative possibilities but are still in the early stages of development and require further validation. This review not only evaluates the advantages and limitations of each FRT approach but also explores emerging trends and future directions in the field. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for ongoing innovation and experimental validation to address the challenges posed by the increasing complexity of modern power grids and to ensure the continued reliability and resilience of grid-forming inverters in a rapidly evolving energy landscape.