Appearances Can Be Deceptive: Morphological, Phylogenetic, and Nomenclatural Delineation of Two Newly Named African Species Related to Frankenia pulverulenta (Frankeniaceae)

<i>Frankenia</i> is a morphologically complex genus, with some species exhibiting a few diagnostic characters and significant morphological variability. This has led to misidentification or the synonymisation of many names based on one or a few diagnostic traits. This phenomenon affects the annual sea-heath, <i>F. pulverulenta</i>, a Eurasian-Mediterranean herb that has become subcosmopolitan, to which several entities have been included due to their shared features, namely their annual lifespan or their flattened leaves. However, this fact also extends to shrubby species, such as the Madeiran <i>F. cespitosa</i>. Here, integrative taxonomic studies, encompassing detailed morphological descriptions of macro- and microcharacters along with molecular phylogenetic analyses of both nuclear ribosomal (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region) and plastid (<i>matK</i> gene) DNA sequence data, and an analysis of biogeographic data were undertaken. This examination has resulted in the most complete phylogenetic trees of <i>Frankenia</i> to date, leading to the reinstatement of two African species broadly differing morphologically from <i>F. pulverulenta</i>. Firstly, <i>F. florida</i> L.Chevall., a name applied to a species occurring in the Saharan regions of Algeria, Morocco, Mali, and Mauritania, is often accepted as a variety or subspecies of the annual sea-heath. In contrast, <i>F. densa</i> Pohnert, a species endemic to southern Namibia and northern South Africa, has been synonymised with <i>F. pulverulenta</i>. However, since those two names were later homonyms of two Chilean and Australian plants, they were deemed illegitimate upon publication. Consequently, two new names are proposed for them: <i>F. sahariensis</i> and <i>F. dinteri</i>, respectively. Their substantiation as independent species is provided by data on their morphology, distribution, ecology, and molecular phylogenetics, which demonstrate their distinctiveness from <i>F. pulverulenta</i>. Nomenclatural synonymy and types are also presented for all concerned names, including the designation of two new lectotypes. Furthermore, the importance of an accurate description of the morphological variation in populations is emphasised for a precise identification of taxa in <i>Frankenia</i>.